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MATERIAL STUDIES

FLOORING

Materials i want to use:
Strand woven eucalyptus hardwood - Floors
Structural steel - Construction, beams
Linen- Chairs
Standard concrete - Slab
concrete - Walls, bar

PROS
- Naturally resistant to moisture. (It's a tropical grass)
- Durable.
- Eco-Friendly.
- A Natural Material.
- Easy to Maintain.
- Able to be Refinished.
- Somewhat Water Resistant.
- Low Cost.

CONS
-Prone to Scratches.
- Potential for Water Damage.
- Sensitivity to Humidity.
- Potential for Softness.

Depending on the species of wood, certain floors will be harder than others. The harder the floor, the less susceptible it is to dings and scratches.
The floor can be sanded and refinished several times to restore its beauty, with the total number of times being determined by the depth of the tongue from the top of the plank.

PROS
- Has a classic look and feel
- Appealing to buyers/tenants if you decide to sell or let your home
- Easy maintenance and hygiene
- Healthy air quality
- Good acoustics
- Avoid water contact

CONS
- It is more susceptible to dings and scratches than other wood floors
- Solid wood flooring swells in damp conditions and shrinks in dry
- It’s tough to install because it has to be glued or nailed down. Fitting the individual boards together can be difficult because they change shape after they’ve been manufactured
- New solid wood flooring has a more expensive starting price than other wood flooring options
- Solid wood floorboards can amplify sound, so rugs are a good option if you have boards upstairs

Engineered hardwood is made using three to four layers of wood glued together to produce a 14 mm thick plank. A real wood surface about 4 mm in thickness is applied to the top to allow it to be sanded and refinished a certain number of times to remove signs of damage, wear, and tear.

PROS
- Due to its construction, engineered wood flooring is more stable than a piece of solid wood, and less prone to changes caused by a room’s temperature or humidity.
- The greater stability means it is less prone to changes from temperature and humidity conditions in the room.
- This type of flooring is more attractive than a laminate floor, but it is also less expensive than solid hardwood floors.

CONS
- It is more susceptible to dings and scratches than other wood floors.
- Feel less 'real' than solid floors

STRAND WOVEN EUCALYPTUS
(Tupelo Honey Solid Eucalyptus)

Depending on the species of wood, certain floors will be harder than others. The harder the floor, the less susceptible it is to dings and scratches.
The floor can be sanded and refinished several times to restore its beauty, with the total number of times being determined by the depth of the tongue from the top of the plank.

PROS
1. Moisture resistant
2. Affordable
3. Durable
4. Easy to install
5. Low maintenance
6. Long-lasting
7. Eco-Friendly (doesn’t harm koalas, sustainable growth, a rapidly renewable resource, uses fewer resources., a gentle cleaning, a staggering growing season)
8. The color

CONS
- Eucalyptus flooring can be louder than other woods
- Less widely available

PROPERTIES

Density: (1200*140*12) * 16 = 0.323*10-1 m3. 35.38 kg / 0.323*10-1 m3 = 1095 kg/m3
Janka rating: 5300
Durability: 20-30+ years

CONSTRUCTION

Structural steel shapes are made out of this kind of steel, which is formed out of a precise cross section, at the same time it follows definite standards for mechanical properties and chemical composition. Structural steel comes in various shapes like I-Beam, Z shape, HSS shape, L shape (angle), structural channel (C-beam, cross section), T shaped, Rail profile, bar, rod, plate, open joist of web steel etc. Standard structural steel varies in different countries with different specifications. For example, European I-beam is Euronorm 19-57; structural steel in USA comes in carbon, low alloy, corrosion resistant high strength low alloy, quenched and tempered alloy steel etc.

PROS
- Ductile
- Strong
- Durable
- Can be morphed into almost any shape based on the construction
- Can be constructed almost immediately the moment it is received at the construction site.
- Fire resistant in itself

CONS
- Corrosion must be prevented

STRUCTURAL STEEL

square bar

SLAB AND BASEMENT

Standard concrete and concrete of grade M20 is applicable for Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

MATERIAL FOR THE CHAIRS

VELVET

LEATHER

Velvet is a very popular upholstery for sofas and chairs — its sheen and soft feel make it a very comfortable option for seating. However, not all velvets are the same — how appropriate it is for your specific needs depends on the makeup of the fabric. The nap of velvet (the direction of its fibers) gives it its sheen. Because of velvet’s two tonality, it gives furniture depth and a luxurious look. To tell the quality of a velvet, check the backing of the fabric. How densely woven the backing is, the higher the quality. Silk velvet is the smoothest of all the velvets. Although luxurious, it is a more delicate option, therefore not appropriate for pieces with heavier traffic.
Velvets made of cellulose (modal, rayon and viscose) are very soft to the touch and have a deep sheen.

PROS
- Velvet upholstery instantly gives any piece of furniture a luxe and inviting feel.
- The colours have far more depth than a plain material, due to the way velvet subtly picks up the light.
- A classic fabric that will stand the test of time and be loved for years, rather than being a design fad.
- TACTILITY: Soft to the touch --> there’s nothing like the softness of a velvet upholstered piece of furniture.

CONS
- The fibre can weaken if exposed to direct sunlight, so you’ll need to think about the placement of your velvet pieces.
- Velvet is more likely to attract bits and dust, so requires a more regular clean than leather or plastic to prevent the accumulation of dust particles or dirt.
- The velvet furniture absorbs liquid quickly.
- Hard to clean

Leather is a classic that exudes luxury and gives any piece a masculine touch. Besides the possible ethical issues and affordability, it’s a great option for upholstered pieces.

PROS
- The longest shelf life: arguably, leather gets better with time. Where as other fabrics get worse with time, leather gains an attractive patina over time.
- Highly durable: while many think that leather is a delicate option, it is highly resistant to most spills and wear. As long as they are treated right away.
- Low maintenance: a simple wipe down and an occasional conditioner is all that leather needs to keep its luxurious look over time.
- Resists odors: since leather isn’t very absorbent, it resists bad smells.

CONS
- Not great for extreme temperatures: in the heat or in the cold, leather isn’t a great option. On the one hand it won’t provide the warmth of a cloth fabric nor allow ventilation during higher temperatures.
- The price tag can be high: generally speaking, furniture upholstered in leather come at a higher price. Yes, it lasts longer but you’ll pay more for it.
- Not animal friendly

I like the velvet texture and look a lot, but think this material is hard to clean, thus not suitable for a corona proof bar.

Linen’s surge in popularity is in part related to its connection to Nordic design but it can also be attributed to to its highly natural provenance and feel. Casual, effortless, and soft, it’s a fabric that is increasingly gracing the most stylish of homes as people want their spaces to have that laid back look.

PROS
- Eco friendly, in most cases: linen is made from the flax plant that is naturally resistent to disease and pests, meaning that it doesn’t require the use of pesticides, and it uses up to one fourth of the water that cotton does.
- Breathable: its natural fibers allow air to circulate throughout, allowing your skin to breathe.
- Hypo-allergenic: resistent to mildew and microflora, linen is great for those who are sensitive to allergens.
- Easily cleaned: most pieces of furniture in linen allow you to take the cover off. Stick it in the wash or take it to the cleaners to get rid of stains and dirt.
- Softer over time: linen is notorious for its comfortable soft feel. As you wash and use it, it will become more supple and soft over time.

CONS
- It wrinkles: not necessarily a con to some, the ease with which linen wrinkles make it an undesirable fabric. Its fibers lack elasticity making it prone to creases. Look for a linen blend with synthetic materials for an upholstery that keeps a smoother look.
- Not very stain resistant: linen will easily absorb spills and dirt. However, as a highly washable fabric, you can also clean it regularly.

LINEN

Cotton is a very common upholstery for its versatility and ease of care. The most common is a duck cotton (also known as canvas weave or sailcloth). But it also comes in damask and velvet form.

PROS
- It’s breathable: cotton fibers can absorb up to three times its weight in moisture and still not feel damp. That’s why it’s a great option to keep you feeling cool.
- Durable and washable: similarly to linen, cotton upholstered furniture comes with removable covers and can be washed at home to remove stains and dirt. For that reason it’s a great option for high-traffic areas like your main sofa.
- Resistant to pilling

CONS
- Absorbs dyes: while on the one hand it’s great that cotton can absorb dyes — leading to it’s versatility for colors and patterns — it can also mean that any dyes in your pants can transfer over to the upholstery.
- Wrinkles: although not as easily creased as linen, cotton can also wrinkle. In some cases, it’s recommendable to find a fabric that is a majority cotton blend with a small percentage of synthetic fabric, to keep its clean shape.

COTTON

PROS
- Wool blends that are used for upholstery purposes are very comfortable.
- It is fire and water-resistant.
- It is an environmentally-friendly material.
- Wool has insulating properties that make it warm in cold weather and cool when the weather is hot.
- Wool is durable.
- It is resistant to mold and mildew.
- It does not fade.
- It does not wrinkle.

CONS
- Definitely not an option for warm climates: it’s common sense that for warm or tropical climates, wool isn’t a good option since it traps in heat.
- Expensive: as a more expensive option that cotton or linen, upholstered furniture in wool can come with a higher price tag.
- I cannot use this material for the chairs outside.

WOOL

Vinyl is having a comeback, partially do to its overall improvement. Previously associated with bad ’70s design, vinyl is a great option for those that love leather but want something more durable. Now, it has been improved to look less synthetic and more luxurious.

PROS
- The most durable: of all of the fabrics, vinyl is perhaps has the least amount of maintenance and greatest durability. It’s resistant to most cleaning products, making it a great option for high traffic areas such as dining chairs or breakfast buffets. Simply wipe it down with a cloth and your typical cleaning agent and you are ready to go!
- Affordability: for those wanting a fabric with a similar look to leather without the price tag, vinyl is a great alternative.

CONS
- It’s hard to repair: any crack or hole in vinyl is impossible to repair without being highly noticeable.
- Not good for ventilation: as a synthetic fabric it doesn’t allow the air to circulate around the skin, making it a fabric that can feel sticky or make you sweat.

VINYL

I 'm happy with the pro's and I think it's a good material for the restaurant, but it's not very I wish it had the same texture as velvet, haha.

Silk is a natural fiber that is a good choice for formal and adult areas. It is luxurious and delicate. Silk is an expensive option for your upholstery fabric but it is worth every single penny. It is receptive to fading and spills. There is a wide variety of colors and patterns available in the market. Silk retains its shape pretty well.

PROS
- Silk can last longer if taken care of properly.
- It has a formal and luxurious look.
- There is a wide variety of patterns, colors, and weights available.
- Resistant to the detrimental four “M’s.” Silk is inherently resistant to mold, mildew, moths, and mites.

CONS
- It is expensive.
- Low abrasion tolerability. While silk is strong, it isn’t an ideal candidate for pieces that will undergo a lot of wear.
- Prone to sunlight damage. Sunlight wreaks havoc on silk and breaks down the fibers. If you want to use silk on windows or in sunny spots, you will need to take preventative measures, such as using a lining. Having a UV filter on your windows will help too.
-High-maintenance cleaning. While water doesn’t damage the silk itself, it does affect the surface and often leaves permanent watermarks. So silk shouldn’t be cleaned with water; a chemical dry-clean method should be used.

SILK

INTERIOR WALLS

Sand-lime brick with a stucco soft concrete wall.

A stucco concrete wall is a thin layer of concrete that goes over an existing wall. This not only allows for coverage of cracks and chips, but it also adds texture to the wall. This is an inexpensive way of giving a wall the look of concrete. The stucco material can be put on in patterns that swirl, crisscross or go straight up and down. This type of material is easy to work with and can withstand the coldest and hottest of weather.

BAR

Soft concrete

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

Structural steel

Wool

The spheres are all vertically connected to each other in a kind of 'zigzag' form. The connection i used is a threaded pipe. the pipe is attached to the left sphere, and the right sphere is tightened is the left one.

And all these zigzag groups are joined with a steel pipe, that goes through the middle of the spheres.